Perfis de envolvimento parental no futebol juvenil: Um estudo com jovens atletas / Perfiles de participación de los padres en el fútbol juvenil: Un estudio con atletas jóvenes / Parental involvement profiles in football: A study with young players

Este estudo analisou as diferenças na perceção dos atletas acerca dos comportamentos parentais, considerando também a importância do escalão desportivo dos atletas. Além disso, foi analisado se diferentes perfis de envolvimento parental, segundo a avaliação dos atletas aos seus pais, correspondiam a diferenças na orientação motivacional e na perceção de rendimento dos jovens atletas. Participaram no estudo 292 atletas do sexo masculino com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e 19 anos (M = 15.0; DP = 1.5), praticantes de futebol no campeonato nacional. Foram aplicados três instrumentos, (1) Questionário de Comportamentos Parentais no Desporto; (2) Escala de Objetivos de Realização no Desporto Juvenil; (3) Questionário de Perceção de Rendimento Desportivo. Os resultados indicaram (a) diferenças na perceção de comportamentos do pai e da mãe separadamente, sendo que, a perceção dos atletas variou em função do seu escalão desportivo; e (b) a orientação motivacional e a perceção de rendimento variaram em função do perfil de envolvimento parental percebido. Em suma, os resultados demonstram a importância do envolvimento parental no desporto juvenil, devendo este fator ser considerado pelos profissionais que intervêmjunto dos jovens atletas.(AU)

Este estudio analizó las diferencias en la percepción de los atletas sobre los comportamientos de sus padres, considerando también la importancia del nivel deportivo de los atletas. Además, se analizó si los diferentes perfiles de participación de los padres, según la evaluación de los deportistas sobre sus padres, se correspondían con diferencias en la orientación motivacional y en la percepción del rendimiento de los jóvenes deportistas. Participaron del estudio 292 atletas masculinos con edades entre 12 y 19 años (M = 15,0; SD = 1,5), futbolistas del campeonato nacional. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos, (1) Cuestionario de Conductas Parentales en el Deporte; (2) Escala de Metas de Logro en Deportes Juveniles; (3) Cuestionario de Percepción del Rendimiento Deportivo. Los resultados indicaron: (a)diferencias en la percepción de los comportamientos del padre y de la madre por separado, y la percepción de los deportistas varió según su nivel deportivo; e (b)la orientación motivacional y la percepción de rendimiento varió según el perfil de participación parental percibida. En resumen, los resultados demuestran la importancia de la participación de los padres en el deporte juvenil, y este factor debe ser considerado por los profesionales que trabajan con jóvenes deportistas.(AU)

This study analysed the differences in athletes’ perception of parental behaviours, considering the importance of athletes’ age category. It was also verified if different parental involvement profiles, according to athletes’ evaluation of their parents’ behaviours, corresponded to differences in motivational orientation and in performance perception of the young athletes. The study included 292 male athletes, aged between 12 and 19 years old (M = 15.0; DP = 1.5), playing football in the national championship. Three instruments were used: (1) Parental Behaviours in Sports Questionnaire; (2) Achievement goal scale for youth sport; (3) Sport Performance Perception Questionnaire. The results indicated: (a)differences in the perception of father’s and mother’s behaviours, separately, and these differences changed according to athletes’ age category; and (b)motivational orientation and performance perception varied according to the perceived parental involvement profile. In sum, the results demonstrate the importance of parental behaviours in youth sports and this aspect should be considered by professionals who work with young athletes.(AU)

Leadership cycles, styles, and antecedent factors: the perspective of coaches and young soccer athletes from national Slovak leagues.

Introduction: Building positive relationships and interactions between coaches and athletes is critical to an athlete's success. The current study aimed to overview how coaches and their young athletes perceive three elements of the Leadership Efficacy Model (philosophy, practice, and criteria). The aim was examined with four goals of analysis: the perceptions of coaches and athletes about coaches' leadership philosophy, practice, and criteria (1); the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership cycles (2); the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership styles (3); and the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership antecedent factors (4). Methods: The study involved 304 athletes and 20 coaches competing in the youth national leagues U15, U16, U17, and U19. Two-source data collection was applied: coaches completed the questionnaires from their point of view, and so did athletes. The coaches were paired then with their athletes to compare the answers. Coaches fulfilled Leadership Cycles Questionnaire (LEQ), Multidimensional Scale of Leadership in Sport (MSLS), and Leadership Antecedent Factors Questionnaire (LAFQ). Athletes completed the same questionnaires as the coaches did and also fulfilled the Sport Performance Perception Questionnaire (SPPQ). Athletes' age and SPPQ served as control variables. Results: Both athletes (37.5%) and coaches (40%) perceived that the philosophy of the leadership efficacy model should be increased. Coaches evaluated their philosophy (F = 4.43; p = 0.036; η2 = 0.014), support in MSLS (F = 5.05; p = 0.025; η2 = 0.016) and active management in MSLS (F = 4.08; p = 0.044; η2 = 0.013) higher than their athletes. The athletes assessed the maturity of the team members (LAFQ dimension) (F = 13.98; p <0.001; η2 = 0.044), negative feedback in MSLS (F = 6.02; p = 0.015; η2 = 0.020), and passive management in MSLS (F = 4.95; p = 0.027; η2 = 0.016) higher than their coaches. Discussion: The tendency of coaches to have a more positive perception of their leadership behavior compared to their athletes represents the coach-athlete perception gap of leadership. Future research can examine the efficacy of congruent perceptions of leadership between athletes and coaches during the sports season and the impact produced by objective performance indicators.